高考英语iv-ing的用法
高考英语iv-ing的用法
v-ing的用法
一、概念
1、v-ing形式的种类功用和各种形式：V-ing 包括动名词和现在分词两种，分别可作：
主语、宾语、表语; （动名词）
定语、状语、宾/主语补足语 (现在分词)
注意：其否定形式是在其前边加：not/never.
其各种形式如下表：
|
语态 时态 |
主动形式 |
被动形式 |
|
一般式 |
(not) doing |
(not) being done |
|
完成式 |
(not) having done |
(not) having been done |
2. V-ing形式的被动式用法及种类
当v-ing与它的逻辑主语构成被动关系时，要用其被动式， v-ing的被动式有两种：一般被动式：being done；完成被动式：having been done； V-ing形式的被动式包括动名词被动式和现在分词的被动式两种。
二、知识重点
考点/易错点1
(一)动名词的被动式
动名词的被动式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语，且在句中只表被动，不表进行。
1、作主语
So being killed by sharks was a common thing. 因此被鲨鱼吃掉是常有的事。
Being laughed at in public is a terrible thing.在公共场合下被嘲笑是件可怕的事。
Being exposed to the sun does harm to health.暴漏在阳光下对身体有害。
The president's being killed led to serious consequences.总统被杀导致了严重后果。
2、 作宾语
V-ing形式的被动式既可作动词的宾语， 也可作介词的宾语。
He was afraid of _________________ (abandon) by us.He did it without ___________ (ask)
You can't eat anything before _____________(operate on)I remember having been told the story.
3、作表语
What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.
使孩子最为担心的是他不被允许到医院看母亲。
What I hate most is ________________ (laugh at)
The problem is for from _______________ (settle)
注意：①动名词的被动式作主语和表语时，常用其一般式（being done)，不习惯用完成式；但作宾语时，若其动作发生谓语动词之前或强调动作已经发生，可用其完成式（having been done)。如：
I appreciate having been given the chance to study abroad.
我很感激能被给与到国外留学的机会。
1)动名词的被动式在句中作主、宾、表时，其特点是只表被动，不表进行。
2)动名词的被动式作主、宾、表时，有时可采用其复合结构形式，即：名词所有格/形容性物主代词+ being done。如：
Tom's being admitted to college is a big surprise for us.汤姆被大学入取让我们很是惊讶。
The discovery of new evidence led to his being caught.新证据的发现导致他被捕。
（二）现在分词的被动式
现在分词的被动式常句中作宾补和定语，一般不作状语（除个别情形例外）；在句中既表被动又表进行
1、 作宾补
现在分词的被动式（being done）作宾补时，表示正在进行的被动的动作，常与感官动词连用。
I saw James being held up in the water by old Tom.
You'll find the topic _______________ (discuss) everywhere now.
As we approached the village we saw new houses _____________ (build)
注意：与过去分词作宾补的区别：过去分词作宾补表示动作已完成.
2、作定语
现在分词的被动式（being done）作定语时时，表示正在进行的被动的动作。
The meeting ______________ (discuss) now is very important.
He asked who was the girl _____________ (operate）on in the operating room.
注意：1）现在分词的被动式作后置定语时，表示正在进行的被动的动作；过去分词作后置定语表示已经发生的被动的动作；不定式的被动式作后置定语表示未发生或即将发生的被动的动作。如：
a meeting being held now 正在被举行的会议
a meeting heldyesterday 昨天举行的会议
a meeting to be held tomorrow 明天将举行的会议
2）现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 不能做定语和宾补。
The building having been built last year (×)The building built last year (√)
We found him having been killed. (×)We found him killed (√)
考点/易错点2
现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 作状语
当分词与句子的主语构成被动关系，且此分词动作（明确地）发生在句子的谓语动词之前或持续发生一段时间（或持续发生多次）时可用现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 作状语。
Having been shown around the classroom， we were taken to visit the lab.
被领着参观了教室后，我们又被带着参观了实验室。
Having been told the news， they put off the trip.
被告知此消息后，他们取消了这次旅。
Having been separated for many years by the war， they couldn't recognize each other.
因战争而分离多年后，他们都认不出对方了。
Having been told many times， the boy still didn't know how to do it.
尽管被告知多次了，那个小男孩他仍然不知如何去做。
注意：1)若分词有自己独立的主语可构成独立主格结构。
The work having been done，they left the office.
All the exam papers having been handed in， the teacher sent the students home.
2)在这种独立主格结构中，用现在分词的被动完成式形式与用过去分词形式差别不大。而为了简洁，习惯采用过去分词形式，如上面两句常表达成：
The work done，they left the office.
All the exam papers handed in， the teacher sent the students home.
注意：过去分词作状语与现在分词的被动完成式的区别：
二者作状语时，都表示与句子的主语构成被动关系，区别不大，可以互换。但是在这种情况下，为了简洁，还是习惯采用过去分词形式作状语。
Asked(=Having been asked) to work overtime，I missed a wonderful film.
由于昨晚被要求加班，我错过了一场精彩的电影。
Polluted (=Having been polluted) seriously， the water in the river was not safe to drink.
但是如果强调分词动作发生在句子的谓语动词之前或强调分词动作持续发生多次发（或持续一段时间）还是习惯采用现在分词的被动完成式(having been done) 作状语，但终归区别还是不大。
Having been told many times， he still repeated the same mistakes.
尽管被告诉了多次，他还是犯同样的错误。
考点/易错点3
动名词的主动形式表被动意义
1、在want，need，require，deserve等动词之后作宾语时，常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义。
2、在（be）worth后面只能用动名词的主动态来表示被动意义。
His suggestion is worth considering.
3、在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don't allow smoking here. 我们不允许在这儿抽烟
We don't allow students to smoke here.我们不允许学生抽烟
三、综合练习
（一）适当形式填空
1．_______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.（expose）
2．The bird ___ escaped. I didn't mind at home.（catch；leave）
3．_________ the whole story， Jane decided not to see the film.（tell）
4．________ that it was going to snow， the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest mountain.（tell）
5．The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ________.（catch）
6．________ many times， he finally understood it. （tell）
7.Your car needs ____________(fill). 你这车要充气
This city deserves _____________(visit). 这座城市值得光顾一下。
The problem requires ___________ (study)carefully.这个问题需要认真研究。
The trees want ___________ (water).这些树需要浇水了。
7. ____________ (ask) to put on performance， she refused.
8. He disliked _________________ (interrupt) in his experiment .
9. _________________ (give) such a good chance， you should catch it .
10. I didn't mind __________ (leave)at home.
11. He came in without ___________ (ask).
12. __________________ (show) around the library， we were taken to see the lab.
（二）将下列句子翻译成英语。
1. 他受不了别人那样开他的玩笑。
2. 这问题远远没有解决。
3. 没有谁请他做，是他自己做的。
4. 在动手术之前你不能吃任何东西。
5. 既然已做出了决定，下个问题就是如何制定一个好的计划。
参考答案：
（一）用适当的形式填空
1.being exposed
2.being caught；being left
3.Having been told
4.Having been told
5.being caught
6.Having been told
7.filling visiting studying watering
8.Being asked
9.being interrupted
10.Having been given
11.being left
12.being asked
13.Having been shown
（二）翻译句子
1. He could not bear being made fun of like that.
2. This question is far from being settled.
3. He did it without being asked.
4. You can't eat anything before being operated on.
5. The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan